The Congress tightly controlled the epic public displays of grief over a two-week period—the funeral, mortuary rituals and distribution of the martyr's ashes—as millions participated and hundreds of millions watched. Their only daughter Indira was born a year later in 1917. In December 1953, Nehru appointed the States Reorganisation Commission to prepare for the creation of states on linguistic lines. Jawaharlal Nehru was the only son of his father, besides Motilal Nehru had two daughters. Age. [96] There he offered the Muslim leader a plebiscite in the Muslim areas after the war to see whether they wanted to separate from the rest of India. Motilal Nehru was born on 6 May 1861, the posthumous son of Gangadhar Nehru and his wife Indrani. [141] Agricultural production expanded until the early 1960s, as additional land was brought under cultivation and some irrigation projects began to have an effect. The meeting was called to coordinate and plan a common struggle against imperialism. Nehru married Kamala Kaul in 1916. Motilal Nehru (6 May 1861 – 6 February 1931) was an Indian lawyer, activist and politician belonging to the Indian National Congress. This illustrated copy of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru's much acclaimed book should be made a compulsory reading for all children and teenagers in India. Jawaharlal Nehru was born on November 14th 1889 in Allahabad in a rich Kashmiri Family. The role of Nehru, both as Indian Prime Minister and a leader of the Non-Aligned Movement was significant; he tried to be even-handed between the two sides, while denouncing Eden and co-sponsors of the invasion vigorously. But the real importance, to my mind, lay in the effect they had on our own people, and especially the village masses.… Non-cooperation dragged them out of the mire and gave them self-respect and self-reliance.… They acted courageously and did not submit so easily to unjust oppression; their outlook widened and they began to think a little in terms of India as a whole.… It was a remarkable transformation and the Congress, under Gandhi's leadership, must have the credit for it. [31] In the rift that formed within the Congress following the sudden closure of the Non-Cooperation movement after the Chauri Chaura incident, Nehru remained loyal to Gandhi and did not join the Swaraj Party formed by his father Motilal Nehru and CR Das. Nehru's daughter, Indira Gandhi, as prime minister, de-recognised all the rulers by a presidential order in 1969, a decision struck down by the Supreme Court of India. Allahabad, India. [257] Nehru's ideals and policies continue to shape the Congress Party's manifesto and core political philosophy. He was forced to resign after the debacle of 1962 China war. Where do they get all this money from? As usual the law applied to all of India, except Jammu and Kashmir (again leading to accusations of selective secularism). [129] India's share of world trade fell from 1.4% in 1951–1960 to 0.5% over 1981–1990. ये है नेहरू के खानदान का इतिहास, जिसका एक सिरा दिल्ली पुलिस की वेबसाइट पर भी है. The book is a collection of letters written by Panditji to his beloved Indu (Indira Gandhi's pet name) in the summer of 1928 when she was in Mussoorie away from her Allahabad-based father. Nehru would continue to maintain his commitment to the non-aligned movement despite calls from some to settle down on one permanent ally. [60][61], At the 1936 Lucknow session of 1936, the Congress party, despite opposition from the newly elected Nehru as the party president, agreed to contest the provincial elections to be held in 1937 under the Government of India Act 1935. This proved particularly important as post-Independence differences surfaced since British withdrawal from the subcontinent prompted regional leaders to no longer relate to one another as allies against a common adversary. His mother, Swarup Rani Thussu (1868–1938), who came from a well-known Kashmiri Brahmin family settled in Lahore,[5] was Motilal's second wife, the first having died in childbirth. With the success of his practice, in 1900, he bought a large family home in the Civil Lines of the city, rebuilt it and named it Anand Bhavan (lit. At this time, Motilal's two older brothers, Bansidhar Nehru (b. Recognising the People's Republic of China soon after its founding (while most of the Western bloc continued relations with Taiwan), Nehru argued for its inclusion in the United Nations and refused to brand the Chinese as the aggressors in their conflict with Korea. [202] The death was announced to the Indian parliament in words similar to Nehru's own at the time of Gandhi's assassination: "The light is out."[197][203]. He was pretty much influenced by the subject “science and theosophy” under his tutor Ferdinand T. Brooks, which led him to join the Theosophical Society at … [58], When the Japanese carried their attack through Burma (now Myanmar) to the borders of India in the spring of 1942, the British government, faced by this new military threat, decided to make some overtures to India, as Nehru had originally desired. Only Jinnah received something more precise: "The British would not contemplate transferring power to a Congress-dominated national government the authority of which was 'denied by large and powerful elements in India's national life. Menon's passionate defence of Indian sovereignty in Kashmir enlarged his base of support in India, and led to the Indian press temporarily dubbing him the "Hero of Kashmir". [11], On 5 February 1919 he launched a new daily paper, The Independent, as a counterblast to The Leader, which was much too liberal for Motilal's standard and articulate thought in 1919.[1]. But, unlike his father, he had very little interest in his profession and did not relish either the practice of law or the company of lawyers: "Decidedly the atmosphere was not intellectually stimulating and a sense of the utter insipidity of life grew upon me. "[124][125], Nehru implemented policies based on import substitution industrialization and advocated a mixed economy where the government controlled public sector would co-exist with the private sector. [186], There were four known assassination attempts on Nehru. He also had pragmatic reasons for promoting de-nuclearisation, fearing that a nuclear arms race would lead to over-militarisation that would be unaffordable for developing countries such as his own. To meet the expenses of his large family and large family homes (he built Swaraj Bhavan later), Nehru had to occasionally return to his practice of law[citation needed]. 'Nehru's grandfather was Muslim': Wikipedia pages changed from govt IP address, Congress demands apology @AnonGoIWPEdits, a Twitter handle which 'tracks all anonymous edits of English Wikipedia (i.e., w/o editor being logged in) from a wide range of Govt of India IP addresses,' reported an edit to the Jawaharlal Nehru page. [38] He declared that the aims of the congress were freedom of religion; right to form associations; freedom of expression of thought; equality before law for every individual without distinction of caste, colour, creed, or religion; protection to regional languages and cultures, safeguarding the interests of the peasants and labour; abolition of untouchability; introduction of adult franchise; imposition of prohibition, nationalisation of industries; socialism; and establishment of a secular India. [154], Throughout his long tenure as the prime minister, Nehru also held the portfolio of External Affairs. Nehru, eager for a compromise, was hopeful; Gandhi was not. The period before independence in early 1947 was impaired by outbreaks of communal violence and political disorder, and the opposition of the Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who were demanding a separate Muslim state of Pakistan. The Jawaharlal Nehru University in Delhi is among the most prestigious universities in India. Nehru had a powerful ally in the US president Dwight Eisenhower who, if relatively silent publicly, went to the extent of using America's clout in the International Monetary Fund to make Britain and France back down. [131], GDP and GNP grew 3.9 and 4.0% annually between 1950–1951 and 1964–1965. Male. The Calcutta Congress (December 1928) over which Motilal presided was the scene of a head-on clash between those who were prepared to accept Dominion Status and those who would have nothing short of complete independence. [213] Deshmukh's tenure – during which he delivered six budgets and an interim budget[214] – is noted for the effective management of the Indian economy and its steady growth which saw the economy recover from the impacts of the events of the 1940s. Jawaharlal Nehru, who belonged to a wealthy family, was his only son and had 3 daughters. Nehru was elected in his place and held the presidency for two years (1936–37). Nehru, while being the PM, also was elected the president of Congress for 1951 and 1952. by, This page was last edited on 25 January 2021, at 05:33. [98] Vallabhbhai Patel and V. P. Menon were more conciliatory towards the princes, and as the men charged with integrating the states, were successful in the task. His idealistic approach focused on giving India a leadership position in nonalignment. In his lifetime, Jawaharlal Nehru enjoyed an iconic status in India and was widely admired across the world for his idealism and statesmanship. [215][216], During Deshmukh's tenure the State Bank of India was formed in 1955 through the nationalisation and amalgamation of the Imperial Bank with several smaller banks. [116][117] In the election, despite a large number of parties competing, the Congress party under Nehru's leadership won large majorities at both state and national level. 1946). There was no greater prince of peace and apostle of non-violence than Mahatma Gandhi...but yet, he said it was better to take the sword than to surrender, fail or run away. In 2012, Nehru was ranked number 4 in Outlook's poll of The Greatest Indian. His policies on Kashmir and the integration of the state into India were frequently defended in front of the United Nations by his aide, V. K. Krishna Menon, who earned a reputation in India for his passionate speeches. [59], Nehru's visit to Europe in 1936 proved to be the watershed in his political and economic thinking. Nehru considered the salt satyagraha the high-water mark of his association with Gandhi,[56] and felt that its lasting importance was in changing the attitudes of Indians:[57]. A general sympathy towards the jailed Congress leaders was developing among Muslims, and much of the blame for the disastrous Bengal famine of 1943–44 during which two million died, had been laid on the shoulders of the province's Muslim League government. A deadlock was reached: "The same old game is played again," Nehru wrote bitterly to Gandhi, "the background is the same, the various epithets are the same and the actors are the same and the results must be the same. UNESCO. The British Indian Empire, which included present-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, was divided into two types of territories: the Provinces of British India, which were governed directly by British officials responsible to the Viceroy of India; and princely states, under the rule of local hereditary rulers who recognised British suzerainty in return for local autonomy, in most cases as established by a treaty. [264][265], Nehru was a prolific writer in English and wrote a number of books, such as The Discovery of India, Glimpses of World History, and his autobiography, Toward Freedom. Patel was a strong rival to Nehru but died in 1950, leaving Nehru as the unchallenged leader of India until his own death in 1964. [1][3][4][5][6], Thus began the family's association with Allahabad, which many people mistakenly believe is the city from where the Nehru family hails. [19] Congress in 1912 was the party of moderates and elites,[19] and he was disconcerted by what he saw as "very much an English-knowing upper-class affair. – All Men Are Brothers Life and Thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi as told in his own words. He started on the path to become wealthy among the few leaders of the Indian National Congress. He has left behind a very great reputation in this court and his name will always be associated with this Court and be one of the traditions of this Court. [97] Other Muslim League leaders, opposed both to Jinnah and to the partition of India, lost strength. Efforts by the Indian Government to make Hindi the sole official language after 1965 were not acceptable to many non-Hindi Indian states, who wanted the continued use of English. It was endorsed by the Congress Party, but rejected by more nationalist Indians who sought complete independence. His father was Motilal Nehru and mother Swaruprani Nehru. Tutored at home until the age of 15, Nehru subsequently attended Harrow in … Nehru welcomed and encouraged the rapprochement between the two Indian communities. He was keenly sensitive regarding the geostrategic and military strengths and weaknesses of India in 1947. Once he realised this, he exhibited his industry and resilience again by studying for and passing the necessary examinations so that he could practice law in the British colonial courts. Born into a Kashmiri Brahmin family, Swarup Rani came from Lahore, British India, and married Motilal Nehru after his first wife and child died in childbirth. The flag of India was hoisted publicly across India by Congress volunteers, nationalists and the public. In Agra, Gangadhar quickly arranged the weddings of his two daughters, Patrani and Maharani, into suitable Kashmiri Brahmin families. The massive gathering of public attending the ceremony was asked if they agreed with it, and the vast majority of people were witnessed to raise their hands in approval. [166], At Lord Mountbatten's urging Nehru had promised in 1948 to hold a plebiscite in Kashmir under the auspices of the UN. In the face of these allegations, Nehru responded:[37]. The establishment of agricultural universities, modelled after land-grant colleges in the United States, contributed to the development of the economy. He emerged as an eminent leader of the Indian independence movement, serving India as Prime Minister from its establishment in 1947 as an independent nation, until his death in 1964. [100] During the drafting of the Indian constitution, many Indian leaders (except Nehru) of that time were in favour of allowing each princely state or covenanting state to be independent as a federal state along the lines suggested originally by the Government of India Act 1935. [161], Nehru, while adverse to war, led the preparations and actual campaigns against Pakistan with regard to Kashmir. His mother, Swarup Rani Thussu (1868–1938), who came from a well-known Kashmiri Brahmin family settled in Lahore, was Motilal's second wife, the first having died in childbirth. [267] President Rajendra Prasad awarded him the honour without taking advice from the Prime Minister as would be the normal constitutional procedure. He sought to build support among the newly independent nations of Asia and Africa in opposition to the two hostile superpowers contesting the Cold War. [175] Although the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence were the basis of the 1954 Sino-Indian border treaty, in later years, Nehru's foreign policy suffered from increasing Chinese assertiveness over border disputes and Nehru's decision to grant asylum to the 14th Dalai Lama. The complex also houses the offices of the 'Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund', established in 1964 under the Chairmanship of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, then President of India. [233] Edwina's daughter Pamela acknowledged Nehru's platonic relationship with Edwina. –, Part A states, which were the former governors' provinces of British India, were ruled by an elected. [208] At the same time a series of failed monsoons would cause serious food shortages despite the steady progress and increase in agricultural production. C) Nandlal Nehru. [101] In a series of letters Nehru wrote to his ten-year-old daughter Indira in 1928, Letters from a Father to His Daughter, he promotes the republican model of government to her, and heavily criticizes the monarchs of India: When the patriarch’s office became hereditary, that is son succeeded father, there was little difference between him and a king. But as the drafting of the constitution progressed and the idea of forming a republic took concrete shape, it was decided that all the princely states/covenanting States would merge with the Indian republic. [14], In March 1926, Nehru demanded a representative conference to draft a constitution conferring full Dominion status on India, to be enacted by the British parliament. They had two sons – Rajiv (b. As a matter of fact, they were servants of the country. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. [2] During India's independence struggle of 1857, Gangadhar left Delhi with his family and moved to Agra, where some of his relatives lived. Motilal Nehru twice served as President of the Congress Party, once in Amritsar (1919) and the second time in Calcutta (1928). The aftermath of the war saw sweeping changes in the Indian military to prepare it for similar conflicts in the future, and placed pressure on Nehru, who was seen as responsible for failing to anticipate the Chinese attack on India. [114] The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states: After the adoption of the constitution on 26 November 1949, the Constituent Assembly continued to act as the interim parliament until new elections. [239] Towards the end of the 1950s, Indira Gandhi served as the President of the Congress. Nehru also launched initiatives such as the provision of free milk and meals to children to fight malnutrition. He was the first Prime Minister of India and was one of the most prominent leaders of the Indian independence movement.He had succeeded his father as President of the Congress in 1929. We had differences from the time we became co-workers and yet I have said for some years and say so now that not Rajaji but Jawaharlal will be my successor. [15] During this period, he also studied politics, economics, history, and literature with little interest. Jinnah demanded that the exact words be said; Gandhi refused and the talks broke down. By 1957, Chinese premier Zhou Enlai had also succeeded in persuading Nehru to accept the Chinese position on Tibet, thus depriving Tibet of a possible ally, and of the possibility of receiving military aid from India. Biography. "[12], Nehru became an ardent nationalist during his youth. [227] Indira herself was at loggerheads with her father over policy; most notably, she used his oft-stated personal deference to the Congress Working Committee to push through the dismissal of the Communist Party of India government in the state of Kerala, over his own objections. The spectacle of what is called religion, or at any rate organised religion, in India and elsewhere, has filled me with horror and I have frequently condemned it and wished to make a clean sweep of it. Parekh attributes this to the national philosophy for India that Nehru formulated. Zhou said privately, "I have never met a more arrogant man than Mr. He was a member of the Nehru-Gandhi family and the father of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India. Nehru stressed commonality among Indians and promoted pan-Indianism, refusing to reorganise states on either religious or ethnic lines. Before this crucial announcement, Nehru urged Jinnah and the Muslim League to join the protest but the latter declined. Jawahar Lal Nehru was born on November 14, 1889. After Kamala's death in 1936, Nehru was rumoured to have relationships with several women. It means a lot. [citation needed]. Paying tribute to Motilal Nehru, the British Chief Justice of Allahabad High Court, Sir Grimwood Mears,[15] stated:.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, He had a profusion of gifts, and as an advocate he had the art of presenting his case in its most attractive form...He had an exquisite public speaking voice and a charm of manner which made it a pleasure to listen to him...With his wide range of reading and the pleasure that he had taken in travel he was a very delightful private companion and wherever he sat at a table there was the head of the table and there was the centre of interest. Motilal Nehru chaired the famous Nehru Commission in 1928, a counter to the all-British Simon Commission. Motilal passed the matriculation examination from Kanpur, and went on to attend Muir Central College at Allahabad. Communist and socialist parties were the main beneficiaries although some right-wing groups like Bharatiya Jana Sangh also did well. [13] In 1923, Nehru was elected to the new Central Legislative Assembly of British India in New Delhi and became leader of the Opposition. Motilal Nehru is remembered for being the patriarch of India's most powerful political dynasty which has since produced three Prime Ministers. In Parekh's opinion, the philosophy and the policies that resulted from that benefited a large section of society such as the public sector workers, industrial houses, middle and upper peasantry. A series of English … Motilal Nehru's age and declining health kept him out of the historic events of 1929–1931, when the Congress adopted complete independence as its goal and when Gandhi launched the. [8], Nehru described his childhood as a "sheltered and uneventful one." 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